Cruz, J. (n.d.). Epistemology. Intermediate Articles . Website = http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/fourth_layer/faculty_pages/jcruz/epistemology.pdf
This article is about Epistemology, which the writer gives a solid background on what it is and what it does. It covers internal and external components of epistemology and the methods of it.
“Epistemology answers to a daunting variety of senses in the humanities and the social sciences.”
“This project is distinct from merely giving a descriptive account of what people claim to know or to believe reasonably. Instead, epistemologists try to understand what it is really to know or really to believe reasonably, even if people routinely fail to know or are frequently irrational.”
This project will contribute by more definitions and explanations of epistemology which is turning into the defining force of the paper. This is important and cannot be missing details on the subject.
This source is going to keep contributing to the definition of the article’s title. The thesis needs to be defended to full grasp the information.
This source connects through idea, not just the name. The theory is the same and leads from one connecting article to another.
Sunday, April 5, 2009
Lukacs annotated
Lukacs, J. (2009). Putting Man Before Descartes. The American Scholar .
This article is about Descartes’ philosophy on knowledge and the human purpose. It defines knowledge and defines the human experience.
“Every human being sees the world in his own way.”
“Knowledge, which is neither objective nor subjective, is always personal. Not individual: personal. The concept of the individual has been one of the essential misconceptions of political liberalism. Every human being is unique, but he does not exist alone.”
This contributes the human experience and relationship to knowledge and its understanding. This is the most fundamental understanding of the topic of the paper.
I plan to use this for defining knowledge on a different level, rather than a plain explanation of dictionary definitions. This will add a different, less boring approach to defining the topic that is the head topic of the paper.
This connection is taking the definition to a whole new dimension of defining. This is needed for the full explanation of the topic and what is needed to.
This article is about Descartes’ philosophy on knowledge and the human purpose. It defines knowledge and defines the human experience.
“Every human being sees the world in his own way.”
“Knowledge, which is neither objective nor subjective, is always personal. Not individual: personal. The concept of the individual has been one of the essential misconceptions of political liberalism. Every human being is unique, but he does not exist alone.”
This contributes the human experience and relationship to knowledge and its understanding. This is the most fundamental understanding of the topic of the paper.
I plan to use this for defining knowledge on a different level, rather than a plain explanation of dictionary definitions. This will add a different, less boring approach to defining the topic that is the head topic of the paper.
This connection is taking the definition to a whole new dimension of defining. This is needed for the full explanation of the topic and what is needed to.
Stanford annotated
Steup, Matthias, "Epistemology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
This source is going to explain the how we are to understand the concept of justification. What makes justification beliefs justified. Also if justification internal or external to your own mind. To understand more broadly, epistemology is about issues having to do with the creation and dissemination of knowledge in particular areas of inquiry. It will also provide a systematic overview of the problems that the questions above raise and focus in some depth on issues relating to the structure and the limits of knowledge and justification.
“For true beliefs to count as knowledge, it is necessary that they originate in sources we have good reason to consider reliable.”
“Memory is the capacity to retain knowledge acquired in the past. What one remembers, though, need not be a past event. It may be a present fact, such as one's telephone number, or a future event, such as the date of the next elections.”
This article is important to my essay because it explains the theory of the author about knowledge. It explains different ways to look at knowledge and how it can be perceived. This author builds on the relation between justification and knowledge. This relates to my paper as in another way to look at the perception of knowledge.
I plan to use this information as describing what Knowledge is in a scientific and philosophical sense. This is important to describing the informational portion of what it is.
This doesn't only connect with other sources, but it is one of the most important cornerstones to the paper itself. It will connect because of the fact that if it doesnt then the paper will not be able to be about knowledge.
This source is going to explain the how we are to understand the concept of justification. What makes justification beliefs justified. Also if justification internal or external to your own mind. To understand more broadly, epistemology is about issues having to do with the creation and dissemination of knowledge in particular areas of inquiry. It will also provide a systematic overview of the problems that the questions above raise and focus in some depth on issues relating to the structure and the limits of knowledge and justification.
“For true beliefs to count as knowledge, it is necessary that they originate in sources we have good reason to consider reliable.”
“Memory is the capacity to retain knowledge acquired in the past. What one remembers, though, need not be a past event. It may be a present fact, such as one's telephone number, or a future event, such as the date of the next elections.”
This article is important to my essay because it explains the theory of the author about knowledge. It explains different ways to look at knowledge and how it can be perceived. This author builds on the relation between justification and knowledge. This relates to my paper as in another way to look at the perception of knowledge.
I plan to use this information as describing what Knowledge is in a scientific and philosophical sense. This is important to describing the informational portion of what it is.
This doesn't only connect with other sources, but it is one of the most important cornerstones to the paper itself. It will connect because of the fact that if it doesnt then the paper will not be able to be about knowledge.
Albertson and Lawrence Annotated
Albertson, B., & Lawrence, A. (2009). After the Credits Roll:The Long term effects of Educational television on Public Knowledge and Attitudes. American Politics Research.
“This research design offers a particularly tough test of media effects, since it measures knowledge and attitudes long after exposure. Laboratory studies often demonstrate the immediate effects of exposure to media. A television program could shift perceptions of issue importance or change attitudes temporarily, but over time, as people encounter numerous other stimuli, these effects might diminish.”
“Although television is often held responsible for a less informed American public, empirical work has shown that television journalism can educate viewers.”
This source from the main article is trying to support the influence that TV has on the viewers. This support is the kind that brings my paper together with the ideas from this author. The main point of his television influence is in correlation to mine of how knowledge is gathered.
I plan on bringing it back to how knowledge is gathered and how it assimilates into society from various different media outlets. This is not only important but it is vital to the explanation of what knowledge is.
This is an important part of describing in full what knowledge is. It goes back to the idea of who, what, where, when, and how something is.
This information doesn’t only agree or connect with all of the others concerning its similar topic, but it is needed in the full description of what something is.
“This research design offers a particularly tough test of media effects, since it measures knowledge and attitudes long after exposure. Laboratory studies often demonstrate the immediate effects of exposure to media. A television program could shift perceptions of issue importance or change attitudes temporarily, but over time, as people encounter numerous other stimuli, these effects might diminish.”
“Although television is often held responsible for a less informed American public, empirical work has shown that television journalism can educate viewers.”
This source from the main article is trying to support the influence that TV has on the viewers. This support is the kind that brings my paper together with the ideas from this author. The main point of his television influence is in correlation to mine of how knowledge is gathered.
I plan on bringing it back to how knowledge is gathered and how it assimilates into society from various different media outlets. This is not only important but it is vital to the explanation of what knowledge is.
This is an important part of describing in full what knowledge is. It goes back to the idea of who, what, where, when, and how something is.
This information doesn’t only agree or connect with all of the others concerning its similar topic, but it is needed in the full description of what something is.
Davies Annotated
Davies, N. (2006). How we didn't win the war...but the Russians did.
The writer is trying to establish the beliefs of the Russians and all of the other countries and their beliefs and takes on who was the most influential country involved on the winning side. The writer then explains that all countries had influential participation in the war, however the Russians were the one who made the greatest push against the Germans.
“The Russians, for example, are clear that the Red Army played the dominant role in the defeat of the Reich, demoting the Anglo-American war effort to secondary or tertiary importance. What is more, like the Americans, they insist that the “real war” began in 1941, relegating the events of 1939-41 to a mere prelude.”
“The forces of democracy played their part in the defeat of fascism, but were left controlling less than half the continent.”
This article contributes to his book on the matter. This connection is necessary and includes his discussion on his topics.
This article can contribute to my idea of differences of opinion and knowledge as it coincides with this difference. It conflicts with the main topic and gives me another topic for discussion and eventually, supporting my topic.
This is not connected to the other articles and sources as it is known to be normally “connected”. I am taking an example of conflict in the matter and linking it to the overall idea, which should strengthen its overall effectiveness in defending the thesis.
The writer is trying to establish the beliefs of the Russians and all of the other countries and their beliefs and takes on who was the most influential country involved on the winning side. The writer then explains that all countries had influential participation in the war, however the Russians were the one who made the greatest push against the Germans.
“The Russians, for example, are clear that the Red Army played the dominant role in the defeat of the Reich, demoting the Anglo-American war effort to secondary or tertiary importance. What is more, like the Americans, they insist that the “real war” began in 1941, relegating the events of 1939-41 to a mere prelude.”
“The forces of democracy played their part in the defeat of fascism, but were left controlling less than half the continent.”
This article contributes to his book on the matter. This connection is necessary and includes his discussion on his topics.
This article can contribute to my idea of differences of opinion and knowledge as it coincides with this difference. It conflicts with the main topic and gives me another topic for discussion and eventually, supporting my topic.
This is not connected to the other articles and sources as it is known to be normally “connected”. I am taking an example of conflict in the matter and linking it to the overall idea, which should strengthen its overall effectiveness in defending the thesis.
Friday, March 13, 2009
Newest...
The only texts that I referred to were the texts that I started planning with. I referred to the five articles that were references to the main articles that I read, and the original five articles that were in respects to some part of the New encyclopedia project. These articles really only gave me a reference point for writing my paper and for getting my ideas flowing together. They also provided substance to my writings.
My research process was different because it involved a different type of research than I am uses to completing. My research in the past used to consist of find evidence through experiments and findings, not people’s opinions and writings. This feels so much more different and its harder to write on, in my opinion.
The individual writing conference helped me out greatly. It gave me an idea of how to develop my arguments and how to get my points across better. It also pointed out major flaws in my writing.
I think that peer revision helps a lot also. Its always great to get different feedback on people who read your righting and it keeps you in check and makes sure you don’t write too comfortably.
If I don’t look at my paper for a while, I’m going to come back to it when I forget what I have written about, and proof read it. That will be like another outside view of my paper is I further down the timeline. All of these things have helped and will help more in the future.
My research process was different because it involved a different type of research than I am uses to completing. My research in the past used to consist of find evidence through experiments and findings, not people’s opinions and writings. This feels so much more different and its harder to write on, in my opinion.
The individual writing conference helped me out greatly. It gave me an idea of how to develop my arguments and how to get my points across better. It also pointed out major flaws in my writing.
I think that peer revision helps a lot also. Its always great to get different feedback on people who read your righting and it keeps you in check and makes sure you don’t write too comfortably.
If I don’t look at my paper for a while, I’m going to come back to it when I forget what I have written about, and proof read it. That will be like another outside view of my paper is I further down the timeline. All of these things have helped and will help more in the future.
Sunday, March 8, 2009
Goals
Looking back at my original goals of things I have wanted to complete is that I was looking to become more detailed in my writings. I always have the tendency to be very vague and only write things that I understand. My descriptions have to tendency to be very confusing because of my writing that is only understandable at the least, if the reader knows what I am talking about. This is where I run into most of my problems. My other problems are following quotation rules due to a specific style of rules. My quotations are a mix of different styles of rules and I have a hard time sticking to one type of rules. It has become about time that I start to refer back to my student writing guide when reviewing my paper so I make sure I follow all of the guidelines needed for the final paper. Even though they weren’t originally part of my writing goals, these guidelines will help shape and form my final portfolio and help make sure my writings are of good quality and acceptable to be passed in the class. My fears are still prevalent as I feel like my writing is not quite good enough. However, I feel if I continue to follow the guidelines in the student handbook, I feel like my writing has what it takes to help get through this class and continue to succeed in the future. The paper topics are difficult but challenging and help me get a feel for what is to be expected of me in the future.
Friday, February 27, 2009
Briankle Chang
Chang, Briankle (1996) Deconstructing Communication. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
He is stating that memory hides things and keeps things hidden when it goes dormant. This correlates to the compiling of information for the NEP.
“The outside remains, for it remains outside. Remaining outside, that is, exterior to or ahead of, any recognized and recognizable sphere of presence, it gives what is therefore not seen.”
“Time does not pass away; it compresses. Through this compression, each moment in time sinks into what comes after in the temporal flow, becoming a trace, a trace of its own trace.”
This section makes a lot of sense in its connection to the article. That article is all about the ability to recall and pass on memories that repeat in similar events.
I plan on taking this text and developing it into a argument about whether memories can lose important details. It will effectively support my arguments made in my paper.
It connects with all of my sources so far due to the arguments of trying to explain the difficulties encountered in globalizing knowledge. If written correctly, I will connect it to my arguments about complexity and translation.
He is stating that memory hides things and keeps things hidden when it goes dormant. This correlates to the compiling of information for the NEP.
“The outside remains, for it remains outside. Remaining outside, that is, exterior to or ahead of, any recognized and recognizable sphere of presence, it gives what is therefore not seen.”
“Time does not pass away; it compresses. Through this compression, each moment in time sinks into what comes after in the temporal flow, becoming a trace, a trace of its own trace.”
This section makes a lot of sense in its connection to the article. That article is all about the ability to recall and pass on memories that repeat in similar events.
I plan on taking this text and developing it into a argument about whether memories can lose important details. It will effectively support my arguments made in my paper.
It connects with all of my sources so far due to the arguments of trying to explain the difficulties encountered in globalizing knowledge. If written correctly, I will connect it to my arguments about complexity and translation.
M Mitchell Waldrop
Waldrop, M. (1994) Complexity. Pgs 9-11, London: Penguin.
The writer is trying to explain complexity which is a subject that no one understands. He is trying to solve it through story from different races and countries. There is a lack of explanation or the subject and a lack of understanding of what it actually is. He explains it.
“This is a book about complexity-a subject that’s still so new and so wide-ranging that nobody knows quite how to define it, or even where its boundaries lie.” (Page 9, first paragraph)
“At first glance, about the only thing that these questions have in common is that they all have the same answer: “Nobody knows.” Some of them don’t even seem like scientific issues at all. And yet, when you look a little closer, they actually have quite a lot in common. For example, every one of these questions refers to a system that is complex, in the sense that a great many independent agents are interacting with each other in a great many ways.” (Page 11, first paragraph)
This source builds on the understanding of a word that describes difficulty. It’s very difficult to write about something that is abstract and has no physical properties.
I plan on using this to describe the difficulty of gathering all of the information and it not being easy. The task they are trying to accomplish is very difficult and multi dimensional in the approaches and angles that it must be attacked from.
This is connected through the differences in subject matter. This subject relates to all of the other ones because that all of the other subjects have varying degrees of complexity and refers to each and every one of them.
The writer is trying to explain complexity which is a subject that no one understands. He is trying to solve it through story from different races and countries. There is a lack of explanation or the subject and a lack of understanding of what it actually is. He explains it.
“This is a book about complexity-a subject that’s still so new and so wide-ranging that nobody knows quite how to define it, or even where its boundaries lie.” (Page 9, first paragraph)
“At first glance, about the only thing that these questions have in common is that they all have the same answer: “Nobody knows.” Some of them don’t even seem like scientific issues at all. And yet, when you look a little closer, they actually have quite a lot in common. For example, every one of these questions refers to a system that is complex, in the sense that a great many independent agents are interacting with each other in a great many ways.” (Page 11, first paragraph)
This source builds on the understanding of a word that describes difficulty. It’s very difficult to write about something that is abstract and has no physical properties.
I plan on using this to describe the difficulty of gathering all of the information and it not being easy. The task they are trying to accomplish is very difficult and multi dimensional in the approaches and angles that it must be attacked from.
This is connected through the differences in subject matter. This subject relates to all of the other ones because that all of the other subjects have varying degrees of complexity and refers to each and every one of them.
Thursday, February 26, 2009
Michel Foucault
Foucault, M. (2000) The Order of Things. Pg. 55-63, London: Routledge.
Foucault makes the point that order is nothing more than judging that no outside stimuli should influence the order of one thing or another. The only thing that should influence are the things that set them apart. If you are able to not classify something due to its differences or similarities, you are just judging them by previous traits and precedents.
“Order, on the other hand, is established without reference to an exterior unit: ’I can recognize, in effect, what the order is that exists between A and B without considering anything apart from those two other terms’; one cannot know the order of things ‘in isolated nature’, but by discovering that which is the simplest, then that which is next simplest, one can progress inevitably to the most complex things of all.” (Page 59, first full paragraph)
“The activity of the mind-and this is the fourth point- will therefore no longer consist in drawing things together, in setting out on a quest for everything that might reveal some sort of kinship, attraction, or secretly shared nature within them, but, on the contrary, in discriminating, that is, in establishing their identities, then the inevitability of the connections with all the successive degrees of a series.”
The article is trying to focus directly on order, whereas the rest of the book takes on a holistic approach of looking at the other components or ordering. He neatly sectioned up the book to reveal these components and make the subjects easier to comprehend.
I plan on using this source in my argument against a truly globalized knowledge. There are so many variables to be taken into account, and this is one of them that prove my point.
The connections are purely in the writings and how they coincide with one another. This makes my statements detailed and accurate from multiple angles and perspectives.
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche, Friedrich, (2007) ‘Translations’, Translated by Walter Kaufmann, pgs. 67-68, Featured in : The Translation Studies Reader 2nd edition, edited by Lawrence Venuti, London: Routledge.
The article is making a point on how reckless translation and sloppiness can totally screw up any message or meaning after it is done. It puts a final idea on a bad job translation and warms of the consequences when you don’t take time to translate.
“The degree of the historical sense of any age may be inferred from the manner in which this age makes translations and tries to absorb former ages and books.” (pg 67 first paragraph)
“As poets, they had no sympathy for the antiquarian inquisitiveness that preceeds the historical sense; as poets they had no time for all those personal things and names and whatever might be considered the costume and mask of a city, a coast, or a century: quickly, they replaced it with what was contemporary and Roman.” (pg 67 first paragraph)
This source is the final piece in my part about how reckless translations can ruin a publication or an article. The statements made and examples given of the Romans were perfect for the point I was trying to make.
I plan to use it as a backup for my statements. It will validate my statements and help back up with examples.
This article will directly connect with the other articles and will not only validate my thoughts, it will also help to see another viewpoint of my opinions. This will help myself be able to connect the different articles together around a certain theme.
The article is making a point on how reckless translation and sloppiness can totally screw up any message or meaning after it is done. It puts a final idea on a bad job translation and warms of the consequences when you don’t take time to translate.
“The degree of the historical sense of any age may be inferred from the manner in which this age makes translations and tries to absorb former ages and books.” (pg 67 first paragraph)
“As poets, they had no sympathy for the antiquarian inquisitiveness that preceeds the historical sense; as poets they had no time for all those personal things and names and whatever might be considered the costume and mask of a city, a coast, or a century: quickly, they replaced it with what was contemporary and Roman.” (pg 67 first paragraph)
This source is the final piece in my part about how reckless translations can ruin a publication or an article. The statements made and examples given of the Romans were perfect for the point I was trying to make.
I plan to use it as a backup for my statements. It will validate my statements and help back up with examples.
This article will directly connect with the other articles and will not only validate my thoughts, it will also help to see another viewpoint of my opinions. This will help myself be able to connect the different articles together around a certain theme.
Friedrich Schleiermacher
Schleiermacher, Friedrich (2007) ‘On Different Methods of Translating’, trans. Susan Bernofsky, pp. 43-63 in Lawrence Venuti’s The Translation Studies Reader, 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
Friedrich is trying to get the point across that if we are all the same, there wouldn’t be a need for translation, which is very simple and common sense. However, he then goes into detail about why translation never seems to come out right unless certain steps are followed. That’s the only way information can be translated to its fullest extent of true information.
“Yea, are we not often compelled to translate for ourselves the utterances of another who, through our compeer, is of different opinions and sensibility?” (pg.43, first paragraph)
“The compulsion to translate in response to a more or less momentary need will always be too confined to the moment in its effects to require other guidance than that of feeling; and if rules for this were to be given, they would have to be such as to produce a purely moral state of mind in which the spirit remains receptive even to what is most unlike itself.” (Pg 44, first full paragraph)
This will build on my accusation that translations rarely mean what they are meant to unless thoroughly understood and felt. The problem of losing meaning through translation is all too important when transferring information and emotional writings.
I plan to figure in another writer who has written about translation to find another opinion n the matter. If they agree, I will write it as a consensus with the writing community, if it disagrees, then I plan to talk about the pros and cons between writers.
It will connect based on either agreement or disagreement with another article on the matter. Hopefully it will tie in with something bigger than just simple translation. Hopefully, it plans on being tied into my paper topic of ethnic biases.
Tuesday, February 17, 2009
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